Table A1 List of ecoinvent 3.10 processes used in the GHG reduction quantification model
*
consumer electronics production, mobile device, smartphone | consumer electronics, mobile device, smartphone | Cutoff, U, GLO
Tablet*
consumer electronics production, mobile device, tablet | consumer electronics, mobile device, tablet | Cutoff, U, GLO
PC**
computer production, desktop, without screen | computer, desktop, without screen | Cutoff, U, GLO
Laptop*
computer production, laptop | computer, laptop | Cutoff, U, GLO
Screen
display production, liquid crystal, 17 inches | display, liquid crystal, 17 inches | Cutoff, U, GLO
Transport, truck
market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO5 | transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO5 | Cutoff, U, RER
Transport, air
market for transport, freight, aircraft, long haul | transport, freight, aircraft, long haul | Cutoff, U, GLO
Smartphone recycling
treatment of used smartphone, mechanical treatment | used smartphone | Cutoff, U, GLO
Tablet recycling
treatment of used tablet, mechanical treatment | used tablet | Cutoff, U, GLO
PC recycling
treatment of used desktop computer, mechanical treatment | used desktop computer | Cutoff, U, GLO
Laptop recycling
treatment of used laptop computer, mechanical treatment | used laptop computer | Cutoff, U, GLO
Screen recycling
treatment of used liquid crystal display, mechanical treatment | used liquid crystal display | Cutoff, U, GLO
Light refurbishing***
market for ethanol, without water, in 99.7% solution state, from ethylene | ethanol, without water, in 99.7% solution state, from ethylene | Cutoff, U, RER
market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER
market for tissue paper | tissue paper | Cutoff, U, GLO
market for textile, knit cotton | textile, knit cotton | Cutoff, U, GLO
Full refurbishing
market for ethanol, without water, in 99.7% solution state, from ethylene | ethanol, without water, in 99.7% solution state, from ethylene | Cutoff, U, RER (0.007 kg)
market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER (0.003 kg)
market for tissue paper | tissue paper | Cutoff, U, GLO (0.005 kg)
market for textile, knit cotton | textile, knit cotton | Cutoff, U, GLO (0.005 kg)
market for battery, Li-ion, NCA, rechargeable, prismatic | Cutoff, U, GLO (0.1 kg)
market for electronic component, passive, mobile, earpiece and speaker | Cutoff, U, GLO (0.002 kg)
market for liquid crystal display, unmounted, mobile device | Cutoff, U, GLO (0.1 kg)
E-waste incineration
treatment of waste glass, municipal incineration | waste glass | Cutoff, U, GLO = 10%
treatment of waste plastic, consumer electronics, municipal incineration | waste plastic, consumer electronics | Cutoff, U, GLO = 50%
treatment of scrap copper, municipal incineration | scrap copper | Cutoff, U, Europe without Switzerland = 20%
treatment of scrap aluminum, municipal incineration | scrap aluminum | Cutoff, U, Europe without Switzerland= 20%
E-waste landfill
treatment of waste plastic, mixture, sanitary landfill | waste plastic, mixture | Cutoff, U, RoW = 50%
treatment of waste glass, sanitary landfill | waste glass l Cutoff, U, GLO = 10%
treatment of waste aluminum, sanitary landfill | waste aluminum | Cutoff, U, RoW = 40%
*removed the power adapter production and waste treatment, and the device waste treatment
**removed the device waste treatment
***amount of each input varies by device type, and values were taken from the ADEME study (see the Light refurbishing section)
Table A2 Mass and GHG emissions from production for iPhones gathered from Apple Product Environmental Reports, for a selection of recent models.
2022
14
128
0.172
61
79%
48
2022
14
256
0.172
67
79%
53
2022
14
512
0.172
83
79%
66
2022
14 plus
128
0.203
68
78%
53
2022
14 plus
256
0.203
75
78%
59
2022
14 plus
512
0.203
91
78%
71
2022
14 pro
128
0.206
65
81%
53
2022
14 pro
256
0.206
71
81%
58
2022
14 pro
512
0.206
84
81%
68
2022
14 pro
1TB
0.206
116
81%
94
2022
14 pro max
128
0.240
73
79%
58
2022
14 pro max
256
0.240
80
79%
63
2022
14 pro max
512
0.240
93
79%
73
2022
14 pro max
1TB
0.240
124
79%
98
2023
15
128
0.171
56
80%
45
2023
15
256
0.171
61
80%
49
2023
15
512
0.171
74
80%
59
2023
15 plus
128
0.201
61
79%
48
2023
15 plus
256
0.201
66
79%
52
2023
15 plus
512
0.201
79
79%
62
2023
15 pro
128
0.187
66
83%
55
2023
15 pro
256
0.187
71
83%
59
2023
15 pro
512
0.187
83
83%
69
2023
15 pro
1TB
0.187
107
83%
89
2023
15 pro max
256
0.221
75
83%
62
2023
15 pro max
512
0.221
87
83%
72
2023
15 pro max
1TB
0.221
110
83%
9
Mean
64
Median
59
Standard Deviation
14.6
Coefficient of variation (Standard Deviation/Mean) (%)
22.8%
Table A3 Mass and GHG emissions from production for iPads gathered from Apple Product Environmental Reports, for a selection of recent models
Year
Model
Memory (GB)
Mass (kg)
EF (kgCO2e)
Production (%)
EF production (kgCO2e)
Source
2021
9th gen.
64
0.487
75
78%
59
2021
9th gen.
128
0.487
78
78%
61
2021
9th gen.
256
0.487
84
78%
66
2022
10th gen.
64
0.477
72
78%
56
2022
10th gen.
256
0.477
82
78%
64
2023
no iPad launched*
Mean
61
Median
61
Standard Deviation
3.8
Coefficient of variation (Standard Deviation/Mean) (%)
6.29%
*2021 is also considered in the average iPad emissions to have a bigger sample
Table A4 Mass and GHG emissions from production for MacBooks gathered from Apple Product Environmental Reports, for a selection of recent models
Year
Model
Memory (GB)
Mass (kg)
EF (kgCO2e)
Production (%)
EF production (kgCO2e)
Source
2022
MacBook Air M2 chip
256
1.24
147
69%
101
2022
MacBook Air M2 chip
512
1.24
171
69%
118
2022
13-inch MacBook Pro
256
1.4
167
71%
119
2022
13-inch MacBook Pro
512
1.4
182
71%
129
2023
16-inch MacBook Pro
M3 Pro 512GB
2.15
290
67%
194
16-inch MacBook Pro
M3 Max 1TB
2.16
348
72%
251
14-inch MacBook Pro
M2 Pro 512GB
1.6
243
79%
192
14-inch MacBook Pro
M2 Pro 1T
1.6
272
79%
215
14-inch MacBook Pro
M2 Max 1TB
1.63
301
79%
238
MacBook Air 15-inch M2 chip
256
1.51
139
73%
101
MacBook Air 15-inch M2 chip
512
1.51
152
73%
111
Mean
161
Median
129
Standard Deviation
57.6
Coefficient of variation (Standard Deviation/Mean) (%)
35.8%
Table A5 Mass and GHG emissions from production for iMacs gathered from Apple Product Environmental Reports, for a selection of recent models
Year
Model
Memory (GB)
Mass (kg)
EF (kgCO2e)
Production (%)
EF production (kgCO2e)
Source
2021
iMac (24 inches)
M1 7-core GPU 256GB
4.47
481
45%
216
2021
iMac (24 inches)
M1 8-core GPU 256GB
4.47
486
45%
219
2021
iMac (24 inches)
M1 8-core GPU 512GB
4.47
511
45%
230
2022
no iMac launched
2023
iMac (two ports)
256
4.43
359
52%
187
2023
iMac (four ports)
512
4.48
389
52%
202
Mean
211
Median
216
Standard Deviation
16.7
Coefficient of variation (Standard Deviation/Mean) (%)
7.92%
Table A6 The Refurbishing Impact Ratio is calculated by dividing the Results refurbished device column by the Results new device column. This fraction is then applied to the emission factors for new device impacts used in this study to obtain the emissions from the refurbishing process (Table 3).
Device type
Results new device (kgCO2eq)
Results refurbished device (kgCO2eq)
Refurbishing Impact Ratio
Source
Smartphone
84
7
8%
Tablet
74
9
12%
Laptop
168
18
11%
PC
256
26
10%
Screen
212
22
10%
where,
Emissions\ refurbished_i\ (kgCO_2 eq)\represents the GHG emissions due to the full refurbishing of a device type i. These values have been calculated using secondary data and are summarized in Table 3.
Table A7 The amount of full refurbishment activity input to each device type to obtain the desired emission factor for refurbished devices, as presented in Table 3. Calculated by dividing the desired emission factor for refurbished devices by the emission factor for one full refurbishment activity. The full refurbishment activity is described in Appendix 1.
Device type
Rate of full refurbishment
Smartphone
0.77
Tablet
1.92
Laptop
3.47
Screen
6.94
PC
3.61
Macbook
3.29
iPhone
1.00
iMac
4.00
iPad
1.35
Table A8 The national WEEE waste treatment rates are summarized. Sources are indicated in the column names. Percent of all small IT e-waste that is recycled/reused (column 3) was calculated by multiplying the Percent small IT e-waste separately collected (column 1) by Percent of separately collected small IT e-waste that is recycled/reused (column 2). Percent of all small IT e-waste in municipal waste stream (column 4) was calculated by subtracting Percent of all small IT e-waste that is recycled/reused (column 3) from 100%. Note that when percentages were >100, they were automatically set to 100.
Country
Europe average
72%
79%
56%
44%
Belgium
100%
80%
80%
20%
Bulgaria
79%
85%
68%
32%
Czechia
57%
100%
57%
43%
Denmark
38%
83%
32%
68%
Germany
89%
85%
75%
25%
Estonia
74%
84%
62%
38%
Ireland
59%
86%
50%
50%
Greece
49%
60%
29%
71%
Spain
62%
68%
42%
58%
France
91%
73%
67%
33%
Croatia
60%
88%
52%
48%
Italy
44%
62%
27%
73%
Cyprus
75%
91%
68%
32%
Latvia
54%
77%
41%
59%
Lithuania
80%
77%
61%
39%
Luxembourg
64%
87%
56%
44%
Hungary
53%
77%
41%
59%
Malta
No data
Netherlands
77%
72%
55%
45%
Austria
96%
75%
73%
27%
Poland
No data
Portugal
82%
22%
18%
82%
Romania
No data
Slovenia
100%
90%
90%
10%
Slovakia
91%
92%
84%
16%
Finland
63%
95%
59%
41%
Sweden
53%
84%
45%
55%
Iceland
No data
Liechtenstein
No data
Norway
100%
77%
77%
23%
NA
NA
23%
77%
NA
NA
82%
18%
NA
NA
25%
75%
#refurbishing-process project scenario section explains that the ecoinvent 3.10 smartphone activity was modified. This was because:
Smartphones are the most frequently refurbished device type, so avoided emission calculations are particularly sensitive to their emission factor
Many , and do not represent the expected emissions of replaced/avoided devices on the market today. , which is based on data from the Fairphone 1 released in 2014.
A comparison of detailed life cycle inventories was the preferred approach, but was not possible due to a lack of transparent data on smartphone composition. Notably, the amounts of the most impactful smartphone components (mainboard, printed wiring boards, and integrated circuits) could not be found to adjust inputs to the ecoinvent process.
Instead, smartphone manufacturing emission factors were summarized for the (released 2022-2024) , and had publicly available LCAs.
For Apple iPhones (devices with most sales globally), the identified values are presented in Table A2, with an average of 64±15 kg CO2eq/device. Emission factors for other smartphones are summarized in the table below, and show an average emission factor of 49±13 kg CO2eq/device. These values shall be used for the emission factors for iPhones and other smartphones, respectively.
These values are around 25-50% greater than the smartphone production emission factor from ecoinvent 3.10.
To implement this change in the model, the amount of key inputs (mainboard, printed wiring boards, and integrated circuits) in the ecoinvent smartphone process was increased to reach the desired final emission factor.
Additionally, exchanges for the charger production, smartphone waste treatment, and cable waste treatment were removed from the process, to align with the project system boundaries.
Table A9 The non-Apple GHG emissions from manufacturing of smartphones gathered from manufacturer environmental reports, for a selection of recent and popular smartphone models. EF stands for emission factor.
Year
Model
EF (kgCO2e)
% manufacturing
EF manufacturing (kgCO2e)
Source
2023
Galaxy
A14
42.5
78%
33.20
2023
Galaxy
A54
49.2
69%
33.90
2023
Galaxy
S23 FE
47.5
79%
37.50
2023
Galaxy
S23
53
85%
45.00
2023
Galaxy
S23+
58.8
84%
49.22
2023
Galaxy
S23 Ultra
70.6
85%
60.22
2024
Galaxy
S24 Ultra
66.4
86%
56.90
2024
Galaxy
S24+
54.8
85%
46.47
2024
Galaxy
S24
50.3
84%
42.25
2022
Huawei
Mate 50 Pro
81
88%
71.33
2022
Huawei
Mate 50
75.3
88%
65.95
The market share of new and used devices sold annually in Europe was used to determine the repartition of avoided new and refurbished devices in the baseline scenario. Most data were available for smartphones, taken from survey responses from 2022, and are presented in Table A10. The average values used for the GHG reduction quantification are a market share of 13% for refurbished smartphones, and 87% for new smartphones, as shown in Table 5.
Table A10 Breakdown of refurbished and new smartphones sold in European countries in 2022.
Country
Percent Refurbished
Percent new
Source
France
19%
81%
)
UK
16%
84%
Austria
15%
85%
Germany
15%
85%
Scandanavia
12%
88%
The Netherlands
11%
89%
Poland
10%
90%
Belgium
9%
91%
Italy
7%
93%
Average
13%
87%
Similar detailed data were not available for other device types. Survey responses on the interest in buying a given refurbished device type were used to adjust the smartphone data in Table A10 proportionally to other device types (Table A11). The results from PCs were applied to laptops, and the results for TVs were used as a proxy for screens.
Table A11 Survey results asking respondents if they would be interested in buying the device type refurbished are summarized. The ratio of the results for smartphones compared to other device types was used to proportionally adjust the average percentage of refurbished smartphones gathered in Table A10.
Device type
d
Percent Refurbished
Percent new
Smartphone
59%
13%
87%
PC
35%
8%
92%
Tablet
34%
7%
93%
TV
28%
6%
94%
The devices considered were the and and . New prices were taken from the manufacturer’s website where available, or from the manufacturer’s store on Amazon. In both cases, French sources were used. Average buyback prices were shared with Riverse by Project Developers. Prices reflect annual buyback price for that device category, for devices from Europe, in 2023.
Table A12 Sample prices for a new Apple iPhone.
Model
New Price (€)
iPhone 14, 128 GB
€869
iPhone 14, 256 GB
€999
iPhone 14, 512 GB
€1,249
iPhone 14 plus, 128 GB
€969
iPhone 14 plus, 256 GB
€1,099
iPhone 14 plus, 512 GB
€1,349
iPhone 14 pro, 128 GB
€1,102
iPhone 14 pro, 256 GB
€1,235
iPhone 14 pro, 512 GB
€1,490
iPhone 14 pro, 1TB GB
€1,721
iPhone 14 pro max, 128 GB
€1,249
iPhone 14 pro max, 256 GB
€1,399
iPhone 14 pro max, 512 GB
€1,599
iPhone 14 pro max, 1TB GB
€1,699
iPhone 15, 128 GB
€969
iPhone 15, 256 GB
€1,099
iPhone 15, 512 GB
€1,349
iPhone 15 plus, 128 GB
€1,119
iPhone 15 plus, 256 GB
€1,249
iPhone 15 plus, 512 GB
€1,499
iPhone 15 pro, 128 GB
€1,229
iPhone 15 pro, 256 GB
€1,359
iPhone 15 pro, 512 GB
€1,609
iPhone 15 pro, 1TB GB
€1,859
iPhone 15 pro max, 256 GB
€1,479
iPhone 15 pro max, 512 GB
€1,729
iPhone 15 pro max, 1TB GB
€1,979
iPhone summary
Average new
€1,354
Average buyback
€186
Residual value
13.7%
Table A13 Sample prices for a new Samsung smartphone.
Model
New Price (€)
Samsung Galaxy A14 4G, 64 GB
€132
Samsung Galaxy A14 4G, 128 GB
€128
Samsung Galaxy A14 5G, 64 GB
€176
Samsung Galaxy A14 5G, 128 GB
€256
Samsung Galaxy A34, 128 GB
€237
Samsung Galaxy A34, 256 GB
€286
Samsung Galaxy A54 5G, 128 GB
€309
Samsung Galaxy A54 5G, 256 GB
€410
Samsung Galaxy S23 FE, 128 GB
€699
Samsung Galaxy S23 FE, 256 GB
€759
Samsung Galaxy S23, 128 GB
€799
Samsung Galaxy S23, 256 GB
€859
Samsung Galaxy S23+, 256 GB
€919
Samsung Galaxy S23+, 512 GB
€993
Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra, 256 GB
€969
Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra, 512 GB
€1,039
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra, 256 GB
€1,469
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra, 512 GB
€1,589
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra, 1 TB
€1,829
Samsung Galaxy S24, 128 GB
€899
Samsung Galaxy S24, 256 GB
€959
Samsung Galaxy S24+, 256 GB
€1,169
Samsung Galaxy S24+, 512 GB
€1,289
Smartphone summary
Average new
€790
Average buyback
€89
Residual value
11.3%
Table A14 Sample prices for a new Apple iPad.
Model
New Price (€)
iPad Pro 11 inch, 128 GB
€1,069
iPad Pro 11 inch, 256 GB
€1,199
iPad Pro 11 inch, 512 GB
€1,449
iPad Pro 11 inch, 1 TB
€1,949
iPad Pro 11 inch, 2 TB
€2,449
iPad Pro 12.9 inch, 128 GB
€1,469
iPad Pro 12.9 inch, 256 GB
€1,599
iPad Pro 12.9 inch, 512 GB
€1,849
iPad Pro 12.9 inch, 1 TB
€2,349
iPad Pro 12.9 inch, 2 TB
€2,849
iPad Air, 64 GB
€789
iPad Air, 256 GB
€989
iPad 10th gen, 64 GB
€589
iPad 10th gen, 256 GB
€789
iPad 9th gen, 64 GB
€439
iPad 9th gen, 256 GB
€639
iPad mini, 64 GB
€659
iPad mini, 256 GB
€859
iPad Pro 11 inch 5G, 128 GB
€1,269
iPad Pro 11 inch 5G, 256 GB
€1,399
iPad Pro 11 inch 5G, 512 GB
€1,649
iPad Pro 11 inch 5G, 1 TB
€2,149
iPad Pro 11 inch 5G, 2 TB
€2,649
iPad Pro 12.9 inch 5G, 128 GB
€1,669
iPad Pro 12.9 inch 5G, 256 GB
€1,799
iPad Pro 12.9 inch 5G, 512 GB
€2,049
iPad Pro 12.9 inch 5G, 1 TB
€2,544
iPad Pro 12.9 inch 5G, 2 TB
€3,044
iPad Air 5G, 64 GB
€989
iPad Air 5G, 256 GB
€1,189
iPad 10th gen 5G, 64 GB
€789
iPad 10th gen 5G, 256 GB
€989
iPad 9th gen 5G, 64 GB
€609
iPad 9th gen 5G, 256 GB
€809
iPad mini 5G, 64 GB
€859
iPad mini 5G, 256 GB
€1,059
iPad summary
Average new
€1,430
Average buyback
€170
Residual value
11.9%
Table A15 Sample prices for a new Samsung tablet.
Model
New Price (€)
Galaxy Tab S9, 128 GB
899
Galaxy Tab S9, 256 GB
949
Galaxy Tab S9+, 256 GB
1149
Galaxy Tab S9+, 512GB
1149
Galaxy Tab S9 Ultra, 256 GB
1249
Galaxy Tab S9 Ultra, 512 GB
1499
Galaxy Tab S9 Ultra, 1 TB
1749
Galaxy Tab S9 FE, 128 GB
529
Galaxy Tab S9 FE, 256 GB
599
Galaxy Tab S9 FE+, 128 GB
699
Galaxy Tab S9 FE+, 256 GB
799
Galaxy Tab A9, 64 GB
189
Galaxy Tab A9, 128 GB
219
Galaxy Tab A9+, 64 GB
259
Galaxy Tab A9+, 128 GB
299
Galaxy Tab S9 5G, 128 GB
1099
Galaxy Tab S9 5G, 256 GB
1079
Galaxy Tab S9+ 5G, 256 GB
1329
Galaxy Tab S9+ 5G, 512GB
1449
Galaxy Tab S9 Ultra 5G, 256 GB
1579
Galaxy Tab S9 Ultra 5G, 1 TB
1899
Galaxy Tab S9 FE 5G, 128 GB
629
Galaxy Tab S9 FE 5G, 256 GB
599
Galaxy Tab S9 FE+ 5G, 128 GB
799
Galaxy Tab S9 FE+ 5G, 256 GB
899
Galaxy Tab A9 4G, 64 GB
217
Galaxy Tab A9+ 5G, 64 GB
309
Galaxy Tab A9+ 5G, 128 GB
349
Tablet summary
Average new
€944
Average buyback
€185
Residual value
19.6%
weight source: and
, p. 152 Table 62
, p. 157. Table 72
, p. 158. Table 74
, p. 107, and 166. Table 86
Emission factor extrapolated from PC results, adjusted by screen weight, , pg 166.
The following equation is used to solve , which represents the rate of full refurbishment activities modeled per device type i. This reflects the “amount” of refurbishment used as an input for that device. This is used in Equation 9 and Equation 18. Its values for each device type are presented in Table A7.
represents the emission factor of the full refurbishing process, which is composed of a mix of replacement parts and cleaning supplies, and is detailed in Appendix 1.
()
Deloitte Scandanavia 2022,
Deloitte Scandanavia 2022,
Deloitte Scandanavia 2022,
Deloitte Scandanavia 2022,
Deloitte Scandanavia 2022,
Deloitte Poland 2022,
Deloitte Scandanavia 2022,
Deloitte Scandanavia 2022,