Appendix

Appendix 1: Ecoinvent processes

Table A1 List of ecoinvent 3.10 processes used in the GHG quantification model

Process type	Ecoinvent activity
Transport, truck	market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO5 | Cutoff, U, RER
NiMH battery recycling	treatment of used Ni-metal hydride battery, pyrometallurgical treatment l used Ni-metal hydride battery l Cutoff, U, GLO
Li-ion battery recycling	64%: treatment of used Li-ion battery, pyrometallurgical l used Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO 36%: treatment of used Li-ion battery, hydrometallurgical treatment l used Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO
	Limestone: limestone production, crushed, for mill l limestone, crushed, for mill l Cutoff, U, RoW Iron scrap: sorting and pressing of iron scrap l. iron scrap, sorted, pressed l Cutoff, U, RER NaOH: market for sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state l sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state l Cutoff, U, RER Sodium nitrate: market for sodium nitrate l sodium nitrate l Cutoff, U, GLO Sulphur: market for sulphur l sulphur l Cutoff, U, GLO Iron chloride: market for iron(III) chloride, without water, in 40% solution state l ron(III) chloride, without water, in 40% solution state l Cutoff, U, GLO Electricity: market group for electricity, medium voltage l electricity, medium voltage l Cutoff, U, RER Natural gas: market group for natural gas, high pressure l natural gas, high pressure l Cutoff, U, GLO Coke: market for petroleum coke l petroleum coke l Cutoff, U, GLO Water: market for tap water l tap water l Cutoff, U, Europe without Switzerland Excess slag to landfill: treatment of inert waste, sanitary landfill l inert waste l Cutoff, U, RER
Common steps	market for solvent, organic l solvent, organic l Cutoff, U, GLO 10.7%: market for sodium bicarbonate l sodium bicarbonate | Cutoff, U, RER 89.3%: market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER market for tissue paper | tissue paper | Cutoff, U, GLO market for textile, knit cotton | textile, knit cotton | Cutoff, U, GLO market group for electricity, medium voltage l electricity, medium voltage l Cutoff, U,
Refurbishing steps	New BU: NiMH: BU-related processes from NiMH battery production Li-ion: NMC811: battery cell production, Li-ion, NMC811 l battery cell, Li-ion, NMC811 l Cutoff, U, RoW LFP: battery cell production, Li-ion, LFP l battery cell, Li-ion, LFP l Cutoff, U, RoW NCA: battery cell production, Li-ion, NCA l battery cell, Li-ion, NCA l Cutoff, U, RoW Pb-acid: battery production, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l battery, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l Cutoff, U, RoW New BMS: battery management system production, for Li-ion battery l battery management system production, for Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO New auxiliary components: New battery production process per battery chemistry removing impacts associated with the BUs and the BMS
Regeneration steps	New electrolyte: Li-ion: electrolyte production, for Li-ion battery l electrolyte, for Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO Pb-acid: 38%: market for sulfuric acid production l sulphuric acid l Cutoff, U, RER 62%: market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER NiMH: market for electrolyte, KOH, LiOH additive l electrolyte, KOH, LiOH additive l Cutoff, U, GLO
Residual waste	Incineration (3%): treatment of hazardous waste, hazardous waste incineration l hazardous waste for incineration l Cutoff, U, Europe without Switzerland Landfill (3%): treatment of inert waste, sanitary landfill l inert waste l Cutoff, U, RER
New battery production	NiMH: battery production, NiMH, rechargeable, prismatic l battery, NiMH, rechargeable, prismatic l Cutoff, U, GLO Li-ion: 60%: battery production, Li-ion, NMC811, rechargeable, prismatic l battery production, Li-ion, NMC811, rechargeable, prismatic l Cutoff, U, GLO 30%: battery production, Li-ion, LFP, rechargeable, prismatic l battery, Li-ion, LFP, rechargeable, prismatic l Cutoff, U, GLO 10%: battery production, Li-ion, NCA, rechargeable, prismatic l battery, Li-ion, NCA, rechargeable, prismatic l Cutoff, U, RoW Pb-acid: battery production, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l battery, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l Cutoff, U, RoW

Appendix 2: Lifetimes of new and refurbished batteries

Table A2 Summary of assumed lifetimes, of new and refurbished batteries by .

Battery type	Battery chemistry	BU% in battery pack	Lifetime new (years)	Lifetime second life (years)
LMT	Li-ion
LMT	NiMH
EV/HEV	Li-ion
EV/HEV	NiMH
SLI	Pb-acid
ESS	Li-ion	70%*
ESS	NiMH
ESS	Pb-acid	100%

Appendix 3: Detailed baseline scenario market shares

Table A3 Summary of baseline scenario per battery type and chemistry.

Battery type		EU EPR collection target in 2028
LMT	Li-ion: NMC: 60% LFP: 30% NCA: 10% NiMH		Battery second life 10% Recycling 90%	Battery second life: 7% Recycling: 93%
LMT	Li-ion: NMC: 60% LFP: 30% NCA: 10% NiMH		Battery second life 19% Recycling 75%	Battery second life: 13.3% Recycling:80.7% incineration: 6%
EV/HEV	Li-ion NiMH	100%	Battery second life 25% Recycling 75%	Battery second life: 17.5% Recycling: 82.5%
SLI	Pb-acid	100%	Recycling 100%	Recycling 100%
Industrial	Li-ion Pb-acid Li-ion	100%	Recycling 100%	Recycling 100%