Appendix

Appendix 1: Ecoinvent processes

Table A1 List of ecoinvent 3.10 processes used in the GHG quantification model

Process type	Ecoinvent activity
Transport, truck	market for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO5 | Cutoff, U, RER
NiMH battery recycling	treatment of used Ni-metal hydride battery, pyrometallurgical treatment l used Ni-metal hydride battery l Cutoff, U, GLO
Li-ion battery recycling	64%: treatment of used Li-ion battery, pyrometallurgical l used Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO 36%: treatment of used Li-ion battery, hydrometallurgical treatment l used Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO
	treatment of scrap lead acid battery, remelting l lead l Cutoff, U, RER
Common steps	market for solvent, organic l solvent, organic l Cutoff, U, GLO 10.7%: market for sodium bicarbonate l sodium bicarbonate | Cutoff, U, RER 89.3%: market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER market for textile, knit cotton | textile, knit cotton | Cutoff, U, GLO market group for electricity, medium voltage l electricity, medium voltage l Cutoff, U,
Refurbishing steps	New BU: NiMH: BU-related processes from NiMH battery production Li-ion: NMC811: battery cell production, Li-ion, NMC811 l battery cell, Li-ion, NMC811 l Cutoff, U, RoW NMC111: battery cell production, Li-ion, NMC111 l battery cell, Li-ion, NMC811 l Cutoff, U, RoW LFP: battery cell production, Li-ion, LFP l battery cell, Li-ion, LFP l Cutoff, U, RoW NCA: battery cell production, Li-ion, NCA l battery cell, Li-ion, NCA l Cutoff, U, RoW Pb-acid: battery production, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l battery, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l Cutoff, U, RoW New BMS: battery management system production, for Li-ion battery l battery management system production, for Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO New auxiliary components: Glass fiber reinforced platics: market for glass fibre reinforced plastic, polyamide, injection moulded l glass fibre reinforced plastic, polyamide, injection moulded l l Cutoff, U, GLO Plastics (polyethylene): market for polyethylene, high density, granulate l polyethylene, high density, granulate l Cutoff, U, RER injection moulding l injection moulding l Cutoff, U, RER Plastics (polypropylene): market for polypropylene, granulate l polypropylene granulate l Cutoff, U, RER injection moulding l injection moulding l Cutoff, U, RER Battery module packaging: market for battery module packaging, Li-ion l battery module packaging, Li-ion l Cutoff, U, GLO Aluminium: market for aluminium, cast alloy l aluminium, cast alloy l Cutoff, U, GLO market for sheet rolling, aluminium l sheet rolling, aluminium l Cutoff, U, GLO Steel: market for steel, low-alloyed, hot rolled l steel, low-alloyed, hot rolled l Cutoff, U, GLO Electric connectors (wire): market for electric connector, wire clamp l electric connector, wire clamp l Cutoff, U, GLO Electric connectors (buss): market for electric connector, peripheral type buss l electric connector, peripheral type buss l Cutoff, U, GLO Electronic components (other) market for electronic component, passive, unspecified l electronic component, passive, unspecified l Cutoff, U, GLO
Regeneration steps	New electrolyte: Li-ion: electrolyte production, for Li-ion battery l electrolyte, for Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO Pb-acid: 38%: market for sulfuric acid production l sulphuric acid l Cutoff, U, RER 62%: market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER NiMH: market for electrolyte, KOH, LiOH additive l electrolyte, KOH, LiOH additive l Cutoff, U, GLO Pb-acid electrolyte treatment: market for quicklime, milled, packed l quicklime, milled, packed l Cutoff, U, RER
Residual waste	Incineration (50%): treatment of hazardous waste, hazardous waste incineration l hazardous waste for incineration l Cutoff, U, Europe without Switzerland Landfill (50%): treatment of inert waste, sanitary landfill l inert waste l Cutoff, U, RER
New battery production	NiMH: battery production, NiMH, rechargeable, prismatic l battery, NiMH, rechargeable, prismatic l Cutoff, U, GLO Li-ion: 60% - NMC: 50%: NMC811: battery production, Li-ion, NMC811 l battery, Li-ion, NMC811, rechargeable l Cutoff, U, RoW 50%: NMC111: battery production, Li-ion, NMC111 l battery, Li-ion, NMC111, rechargeable l Cutoff, U, RoW 30%: battery production, Li-ion, LFP, rechargeable, prismatic l battery, Li-ion, LFP, rechargeable, prismatic l Cutoff, U, GLO 10%: battery production, Li-ion, NCA, rechargeable, prismatic l battery, Li-ion, NCA, rechargeable, prismatic l Cutoff, U, RoW Pb-acid: battery production, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l battery, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l Cutoff, U, RoW

Appendix 2: Lifetimes of new and refurbished batteries

Table A2 Summary of assumed lifetimes, of new and refurbished batteries by .

Battery type	Battery chemistry	BU% mass in battery pack	Lifetime new (years)	Lifetime second life (years)
LMT	Li-ion
LMT	NiMH
EV/HEV	Li-ion
EV/HEV	NiMH
SLI	Pb-acid
ESS	Li-ion
ESS	NiMH
ESS	Pb-acid

Appendix 3: Detailed baseline scenario market shares

Table A3 Summary of baseline scenario battery waste treatment, per battery type and chemistry.

Battery type		EU EPR collection target in 2028
LMT	Li-ion: NMC: 60% 50% NMC811 50% NMC111 LFP: 30% NCA: 10% NiMH		PRO collection schemes: Battery second life: 10% Recycling: 90%	PRO collection schemes: Battery second life: 7% Recycling: 93%
LMT	Li-ion: NMC: 60% LFP: 30% NCA: 10% NiMH		Outside PRO schemes: Battery second life: 19% Recycling: 75%	Outside PRO schemes: Battery second life: 13.3% Recycling: 80.7% %
EV/HEV	Li-ion NiMH	100%	Battery second life: 25% Recycling: 75%	Battery second life: 17.5% Recycling: 82.5%
SLI	Pb-acid	100%	Recycling: 100%	Recycling: 100%
ESS	Li-ion Pb-acid Li-ion	100%	Recycling: 100%	Recycling: 100%