GHG quantification

General

General GHG reduction quantification rules can be found in the Riverse Standard Rules.

Calculations of GHG emissions for the baseline and project scenarios shall follow the method detailed below, based on .

Electronic device refurbishing projects are only eligible for avoidance Riverse Carbon Credits.

Electronic device refurbishing projects serve two functions: waste treatment from a device’s first life (Device A), and the provisioning of a “new” device in its second life (Device B). Both of these functions are included in the project and baseline scenario. See Figure 1 and Figure 2 for a depiction of project and baseline scenario system boundaries.

The baseline scenario represents the functionally equivalent set of activities that would occur in the absence of the project. Therefore, the baseline scenario is the average e-waste treatment of Device A, and the market mix for production of a new Device B. This market mix includes the fraction of refurbished devices that are already on the market (see Appendix 6).

The distribution, packaging, use, and waste treatment of Device B are not included in the calculations because they are assumed to be the same in both scenarios. Therefore, the downstream system boundary is Device B at the factory gate.

Calculations and data collection are based on annual project operations.

Functional Unit

Electronic device refurbishing projects are multifunctional (see General section above) so the functional unit is twofold:

  • production of one electronic device (Device B), plus

  • treatment of the corresponding amount of e-waste treated (from Device A) to generate this one device.

Data Sources

The required primary data for GHG reduction calculations from projects are presented in Table 2:

Table 2 Summary of primary data needed from projects and their source. Asterisks (*) indicate which data are required to be updated annually during verification (see Monitoring Plan section).

Secondary data taken from the literature are used to define default values for the following elements:

  • Device expected lifetime (new and refurbished)

  • Device mass (if not provided by the Project Developer)

  • Emission factors from device production (when not available in the ecoinvent database, see paragraph below)

These values and their sources are provided in Table 3 in the Assumptions section

Assumptions

  1. Electronic devices are evaluated in categories of device types rather than specific device models to facilitate data collection. It is assumed that devices in the same device type category have similar characteristics (mass, emission factor, lifetime), as defined in Table 3.

  2. Some devices are not able to be refurbished to a functioning state, but contain some functional parts. Typically, the device is disassembled to harvest those scrap parts to use as spare parts for other refurbished devices. To maintain a conservative approach, these devices are assumed to go to electronic waste recycling.

  3. In the baseline scenario, the distance for e-waste collection of Device A and transport to the waste treatment center is assumed to be 100 km.

  4. The distribution of devices in the baseline and project scenarios is assumed to be the same, and is therefore excluded from quantifications. This is a conservative assumption, because and transported long distances. In contrast, the project scenario consists of mostly inter-EU shipping of devices across much shorter distances.

  5. Packaging, use, and waste treatment of Device B are assumed to be the same in the baseline and project scenarios, and are therefore excluded from quantifications.

  6. Detailed project data on the refurbishing process is rarely available. It is a manual process, and most impacts in the life cycle come from production of spare parts. Therefore, impacts of the refurbishing process are assumed to equal the ratio of impacts of new and refurbished devices in the detailed life cycle assessment on electronic device refurbishing, published by The French Agency for Ecological Transition (Agence de la transition écologique, ADEME), referred to hereafter as the . Refurbishing impact ratios for Apple and non-Apple devices are assumed to be the same. See Refurbishing process Full refurbishment impacts section, for more details.

Table 3 Summary of assumed lifetimes, masses, and emission factors of new and refurbished electronic devices.

Residual value of input devices is detailed in Refurbishing process, Residual value of input devices section and refers to the allocation of impacts from the production of Device A to the refurbished Device B, based on its residual economic value. This is calculated using the ratio of the buyback price to the price of the newly manufactured device. This ratio is calculated for each device type, and assumed to be the same for all models within that category.

Project Scenario

The project scenario consists of refurbishing used electronic devices, which serves two functions: 1) waste treatment of the device after its first life (Device A) and 2) refurbishing to produce a “new“ device (Device B). This process is broken down into 3 life cycle stages, and displayed in Figure 1:

  • Device A e-waste collection

  • Device A e-waste treatment of scrap materials

  • Device B refurbishing process

E-waste collection

The mass of e-waste collected equals the total mass of input used devices collected at the refurbishing site annually.

Total mass of devices shall be calculated using the number of devices collected for each device type (provided by the Project Developer), multiplied by the assumed mass of each device type shown in Table 3.

For calculating transport distance, Project Developers shall provide the country and/or city where used electronic devices are transported from, and provide the average distance from the collection source to the refurbishing project site.

It is assumed that transport within Europe is done 100% by truck, and overseas transport is done by long-distance air freight.

Calculations project e-waste collection

where,

where,

E-waste treatment of non-refurbished devices

Devices collected by the project that cannot be refurbished undergo e-waste recycling. Refurbishing projects typically have contracts with e-waste recycling companies that collect and recycle such devices.

Project Developers shall provide the fraction of devices that are recycled, and they will be modeled as mechanical e-waste recycling with shredding and separation (see ecoinvent processes in Appendix 1).

Some non-refurbished devices may be kept onsite to harvest spare parts in the future, but due to limited project data on this topic, they are assumed to be recycled.

Devices that are sold by the project in a non-functional state shall be treated in the calculations as recycled devices.

Calculations project e-waste treatment

where,

where,

where,

Refurbishing process

This life cycle stage is composed of four main processes, each described below:

  • light refurbishing impacts

  • full refurbishing impacts

  • residual value of input devices, and

  • secondary transport of devices.

Light refurbishment impacts: The refurbishing process is split into two categories: light and full refurbishment, representing the degree of intervention needed to restore the device to a functioning state. Light refurbishment involves cosmetic and software improvements, and does not require the replacement of parts (e.g. new battery, new screen…). This distinction was chosen because

  • Light refurbishment includes inputs of cleaning alcohol, tissues, and cloth, and is modeled after the detailed LCA of electronic device refurbishing from the ADEME study.

Full refurbishment impacts: Full refurbishment includes light refurbishment plus repair and replacement of non-functional pieces. Detailed project data on all replacement pieces and inputs are rarely available, so full refurbishment impacts are modeled following the ADEME study.

  • Results from this study are used to obtain the ratio of impacts of a refurbished device to the impacts of the corresponding new device (Appendix 3). This ratio is then applied to the new device production impacts summarized in Table 3 to obtain the desired amount of emissions from refurbishing. The emissions from refurbishing are modeled using the mix of ecoinvent processes used in light refurbishment described above, plus production of commonly replaced parts including screens, batteries, microphones and speakers.

For example, the ADEME study found that production of a new laptop emitted 168 kgCO2eq, and the process for refurbishing a laptop emitted 18 kgCO2eq, so the refurbishing impact ratio of laptops is 11%.

In this model, the emission factors used for new laptop and Macbook production are 170 and 161 kgCO2eq. These are multiplied by the refurbishing impact ratio of 11% to obtain refurbishing impacts of one laptop and Macbook of 19 and 18 kgCO2eq.

Residual value of input devices: In life cycle assessments, when a project uses waste as an input, it typically enters the project system boundary with zero environmental impacts. Refurbishing projects collect and refurbish used devices that are not always at the end of their life, and are not truly waste. They may still be functional and hold residual value from their first life. This is evidenced by the fact that Project Developers sometimes pay for used devices, as opposed to waste collection, where the waste generator has to pay for waste treatment.

  • In this case, some environmental . It is assumed that only devices that undergo light refurbishment were in good condition and had residual value, and are allocated a share of GHG emissions from the device’s first life. On the other hand, devices that undergo full refurbishment are assumed to be non-functional waste and are not allocated any environmental impacts from their first life.

  • The residual value and corresponding allocated emissions are based on the ratio of the buyback price to the selling price of a new manufactured device. An average ratio shall be used for each device type, and is shown in Table 4. Alternatively, Project Developers may provide a similar project-specific database with their own buyback data.

For example, if Smartphone A has an average buyback price of 100€, and it is sold new for 400€, its residual value is 25% of its original value. Then when it undergoes light refurbishment by the project, it is modeled as an input with 25% of its initial production impacts.

If production of a new Smartphone A emits 80 kgCO2eq, and it has a residual value of 25%, then the calculations shall include it as an input with 20 kgCO2eq.

Table 4 Residual value of device types. See Appendix 7 for more details for smartphone, iPhone, tablet, and iPad. The average value of these device types was applied to the remaining device types due to a lack of device-specific buyback data.

Secondary transport of devices: After the device is collected by the refurbishing project and sorted, it may be sent to a different refurbishment site, for example to do speciality repairs. Project Developers shall report such secondary transport by providing the distance transported, and the number and type of devices making this transport.

Calculation refurbishing process

where,

where,

  • alcohol, paper and cloth represent the amount of cleaning alcohol, paper and cloth needed to clean a device. These amounts were taken per device type from the , pages 45, 77, and 103.

where,

where,

where,

where,

where,

Baseline scenario

The baseline scenario consists of two main functions: 1) waste treatment of the device after its first life (Device A) and 2) provisioning of a new device (Device B). The system boundary of the baseline scenario is shown in Figure 2. This is broken down into 3 life cycle stages, which are detailed in the following sections:

  • Device A collection

  • Device A e-waste treatment

  • Manufacturing of Device B

The structure of the baseline scenario is the same whether the project consists of ongoing operations or an expansion. In the former, project data from all annual site operations is considered, and the baseline scenario is defined as the functional equivalent of all annual operations. For an expansion project, only project data related to the expansion is considered, because the normal annual operations would be the same in the baseline and project scenario, and can therefore be excluded.

For example, for an expansion project, if the expansion allows for the refurbishment of an extra 5,000 devices annually in addition to the business-as-usual (BAU) 10,000 devices, then the baseline scenario could include the BAU refurbishment of 10,000 devices plus the new manufacturing of 5,000 devices. The same BAU refurbishment of 10,000 devices could also be included in the project scenario.

The processes related to the BAU refurbishment are then excluded from the GHG reduction quantification of both the project and baseline scenarios since they would have no effect on the avoided emissions. The remaining project activity to consider is the refurbishment of the extra 5,000 devices from the expansion project.

E-waste collection

It is assumed that e-waste is transported by truck 100 km to its waste treatment center.

The mass of e-waste collected in the baseline scenario equals the total mass of input used devices collected by the refurbishing project annually.

Total mass of devices shall be calculated using the number of devices collected for each device type (provided by the Project Developer), multiplied by the assumed mass of each device type shown in Table 3.

Project Developers may provide more precise information on the mass of collected devices if it is available.

Calculations baseline e-waste collection

where,

E-waste treatment

The treatment of e-waste is split between recycling, landfilling and incineration (Figure 2).

The proportion of e-waste recycled is based on national statistics obtained from the Eurostat database for small IT devices, as defined by the WEEE directive. Data for other countries where used devices are frequently sourced are taken from the , and extrapolated where necessary. The dataset and more detailed information are in Appendix 4.

First, the fraction of e-waste that is not separately collected is assumed to be collected with municipal waste and incinerated or landfilled. In 2021, for example, this was an average of for the countries included in Eurostat.

The repartition between landfilling and incineration (with and without energy recovery) was taken from Eurostat, and the total repartition for all EU countries from 2020 was used. This resulted in .

Then, the fraction of e-waste that is separately collected is considered (average of ).

  • This can be further broken down into the fraction successfully recycled/reused and the fraction that could not be recycled/reused (21%). Country specific fractions are used and are presented in Appendix 4.

  • The separately collected e-waste that could not be recycled/reused is assumed to be incinerated and landfilled, with the same proportions described in the Baseline scenario section E-waste treatment.

Calculation baseline e-waste treatment

where,

    • treatment of waste plastic, mixture, sanitary landfill = 50%

    • treatment of waste glass, sanitary landfill = 10%

    • treatment of waste aluminum, sanitary landfill = 40%

    • treatment of waste glass, municipal incineration = 10%

    • treatment of waste plastic, consumer electronics, municipal incineration = 50%

    • treatment of scrap copper, municipal incineration = 20%

    • treatment of scrap aluminum, municipal incineration = 20%

where,

where,

New device production

The number of new devices to consider in the baseline scenario corresponds to the number of devices successfully refurbished and sold in a functional state in the project scenario. Note that this does not necessarily equal the number of used devices collected, because a fraction of devices can not be successfully refurbished.

To quantify avoided GHG emissions, the baseline scenario must consider the market share of the project technology already in use. Currently, new device purchases come from both new manufacturing and existing refurbishing activities, and this is reflected in the baseline scenario (see Figure 2). The proportions of new and refurbished devices are detailed in Table 5.

For example, in 2022, 87% of smartphones sold in Europe were new, while 13% were refurbished (Table 5). Thus, each smartphone refurbished by the project is assumed to replace the manufacturing of 0.87 new devices.

Table 5 Market share of refurbished devices sold annually in Europe. See Appendix 6 for more details.

The process of manufacturing a new device is taken from the ecoinvent database, without modifications for the following device types: laptop, PC, tablet, and screen (See Appendix 1).

GHG emissions from manufacturing Apple devices (iPhones, iPads, iMacs, and Macbooks) are taken from the production-stage impacts reported in Apple’s Product Environmental Reports. An average emission factor for recent models of devices was taken, and the emission factors considered are presented in Appendix 2.

The emission factor for smartphones was based on ecoinvent data and adjusted to better represent average smartphones. This was necessary because

  1. smartphones are one of the most frequently refurbished devices, so special attention should be paid to them

  2. , and

  3. it has been noted that . See Appendix 5 for full details.

Note that this ratio is only applied to the new manufacturing of devices, as shown in Table 5, and not applied to avoided refurbished devices in the baseline scenario.

The impacts of refurbishing devices are described in the Refurbishing process section above.

Calculation new device production

where,

where,

where,

The total GHG emission for this life cycle stage are calculated according to the following equation:

where,

Avoided GHG emissions

Avoided GHG emissions are calculated by subtracting the sum of the project scenario GHG emissions from the sum of the baseline GHG scenario emissions.

Comparative GHG assessment calculation

The total baseline GHG emissions, total project GHG emissions, and the project's avoided emissions are calculated as follows.

Uncertainty assessment

Uncertainty shall be evaluated at both the methodology level and the project level. The project level uncertainty assessment must consider the uncertainty in the methodology, which is inevitably passed down to each project.

The uncertainty assessment below must be complemented by a project-specific uncertainty assessment. The outcome of the assessment shall be used to determine the percent of avoided emissions to eliminate with the discount factor.

The assumptions that are estimated to have high uncertainty (i.e. high variability and high impact) are:

  • The ratio of new and refurbished device GHG emissions from ADEME can be extrapolated to represent the refurbishing process of all similar devices (seeAssumptionssection).

  • The residual economic value of used devices represents the GHG emissions that should be allocated from production Device A first life to the refurbished Device B (seeAssumptionssection).

The assumptions that are estimated to have medium uncertainty are:

  • Similar devices have similar characteristics (mass, emission factor, lifetime), leading to grouping devices into device type categories rather than assessing specific device models and brands (see Assumptionssection).

  • The distribution of Device B in the baseline and project scenarios is assumed to be the same (see Assumptionssection).

The assumptions that are estimated to have low uncertainty (i.e. high variability and high impact) are:

  • Non-functioning parts are assumed to be recycled (seeAssumptionssection).

  • The distance for e-waste collection of Device A in the baseline scenario is assumed to be 100 km (seeAssumptionssection).

  • Packaging, use, and waste treatment of Device B are assumed to be the same in the baseline and project scenarios (seeAssumptionssection).

The baseline scenario selection has low uncertainty and is mostly standardized. It accounts for project-specific information regarding the number, type and fate of devices, and national e-waste management statistics.

The equations used in this methodology consist of basic conversions and have low uncertainty.

Many estimates and secondary data are used in this methodology to enable a reasonable amount of project data collection. These data have varying levels of uncertainty, and are assessed in Table 6.

The uncertainty at the methodology level is estimated to be medium. This translates to an expected discount factor of at least 6% for projects under this methodology.

Table 6 Presentation of all secondary data and estimates used, and an assessment of their uncertainty.

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